Cognitive issues, including memory loss, brain fog, and difficulty concentrating, may occur. In severe cases, prolonged deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of dementia.
6. Mood Changes and Depression
Low levels of B12 may contribute to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. This is because B12 plays a role in synthesizing neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood.
7. Shortness of Breath and Dizziness
Since B12 deficiency leads to fewer red blood cells, the body struggles to deliver enough oxygen, resulting in shortness of breath, dizziness, or lightheadedness, especially during physical activity.
8. Glossitis and Mouth Ulcers
A swollen, inflamed tongue (glossitis) and painful mouth ulcers can indicate B12 deficiency. The tongue may appear red, swollen, and smooth, sometimes accompanied by a burning sensation.
9. Heart Palpitations
B12 deficiency can cause heart palpitations or an irregular heartbeat due to reduced oxygen supply to vital organs.
10. Vision Problems
In severe cases, optic nerve damage can result in blurred or disturbed vision, making it difficult to see clearly.
Who Is at Risk of Vitamin B12 Deficiency?
Certain groups are more prone to developing B12 deficiency, including:
- Vegans and Vegetarians: Since B12 is mainly found in animal products, those following a plant-based diet are at higher risk.
- Older Adults: Absorption decreases with age due to lower stomach acid production.
- People with Digestive Disorders: Conditions like Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or gastritis can hinder absorption.
- Individuals on Certain Medications: Long-term use of acid-reducing medications or metformin (for diabetes) can interfere with B12 absorption.
- Those Who Have Undergone Weight Loss Surgery: Procedures like gastric bypass reduce the body’s ability to absorb nutrients.
How to Prevent and Treat Vitamin B12 Deficiency
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