Anticholinergics are used to treat various conditions, including Parkinson’s disease and urinary disorders. They work by blocking acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter for memory and learning. Studies show that they increase the risk of dementia. For example, a study from the University of Washington followed more than 3,500 older adults for 10 years and found that those who regularly used anticholinergics had a 54% increased risk of developing dementia.
Common anticholinergics linked to cognitive decline include meclizine, scopolamine, biperiden, oxybutynin, and diphenhydramine. However, others such as glycopyrronium and tiotropium have not shown these effects. Patients and physicians should carefully weigh the risks and benefits of these medications.
Amphetamines are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although they temporarily improve concentration, prolonged use can lead to memory loss and other lasting cognitive damage. They are physically and emotionally addictive and can cause serious problems such as cardiac arrhythmias.
It is crucial that healthcare professionals carefully monitor their prescriptions. Non-pharmacological approaches such as behavioral therapy should also be considered.
First-generation antihistamines: Relief today, problem tomorrow
First-generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, are used to treat allergies but can cause cognitive impairment due to their anticholinergic action. A recent study showed that their prolonged use is associated with an increased risk of dementia.
Less harmful alternatives like cetirizine are preferable for long-term allergy treatment. It is important to consult a doctor before taking these medications for an extended period of time.
Tricyclic antidepressants and memory loss
Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, increase the availability of several neurotransmitters but also have anticholinergic effects. This makes them associated with a higher risk of dementia and cognitive impairment, particularly in older adults.
Today, safer alternatives such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are available and offer a better safety profile.
Statins and cognitive function
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